Conditional Branching (if / elif / else)

# 1. Basic if statement
temperature = 32
if temperature > 30:
    print("High temperature warning")

# 2. Two-way branching: if...else
age = 16
if age >= 18:
    print("Eligible to vote")
else:
    print("Under voting age")

# 3. Multi-way branching: if...elif...else
score = 85
if score >= 90:
    grade = "A"
elif score >= 80:
    grade = "B"
elif score >= 70:
    grade = "C"
else:
    grade = "F"

# 4. Chained comparisons (mathematical inequality)
value = 25
if 10 <= value <= 50:
    print("Value lies within operational range [10, 50]")

# 5. Idiomatic truthiness check on collections
cart_items = []
if not cart_items:
    print("Cart is currently empty")       # Empty list evaluates to False

# 6. Idiomatic truthiness check on strings and None
username = "alex"
if username:
    print(f"Logged in as {username}")     # Non-empty string evaluates to True

# 7. Ternary conditional expression (inline if-else)
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"

# 8. Combining conditions with 'and', 'or', 'not'
role = "manager"
has_mfa = True
if (role == "admin" or role == "manager") and has_mfa:
    print("Elevated privileged access granted")

# 9. Membership testing in conditional
allowed_roles = {"admin", "auditor", "operator"}
if role in allowed_roles:
    print("Role authorized")

# 10. Identity checking with None
result = None
if result is None:
    print("No computation result found")

# 11. Early return guard clause pattern
def safe_divide(numerator: float, denominator: float) -> float | None:
    if denominator == 0:
        return None                       # Early exit guards against ZeroDivisionError
    return numerator / denominator

# 12. Nested conditionals
account_balance = 500
withdrawal_amount = 100
is_account_active = True
if is_account_active:
    if withdrawal_amount <= account_balance:
        account_balance -= withdrawal_amount
        print("Withdrawal successful")
    else:
        print("Insufficient funds")

# 13. Structural pattern matching (Python 3.10+ match...case)
http_code = 404
match http_code:
    case 200:
        print("OK")
    case 401 | 403:
        print("Access Denied")
    case 404:
        print("Resource Not Found")
    case 500:
        print("Internal Server Error")
    case _:
        print(f"Unhandled Status Code: {http_code}")

# 14. Pattern matching with condition guard
sensor_reading = 120
match sensor_reading:
    case val if val > 100:
        print("Critical threshold exceeded!")
    case _:
        print("Normal sensor reading")

# 15. The 'pass' statement as a no-op placeholder
if age < 0:
    pass                                  # Placeholder for future error handler